General Description
Black cohosh (also known as squawroot, black snake root, or bugbane)
is a perennial plant native to open woods and hillsides of eastern
North America from Ontario to the southern United States. Growing
up to 3 meters in height, the plant has a smooth, furrowed stem
and toothed, oval-shaped leaflets arranged in groups of two to five
along a common petiole. Black cohosh flowers from June to August,
bearing long clusters of small white flowers. The thick, knotty,
black rootstalk of the plant is harvested in the fall and dried
for medicinal usage.
Health Applications
- Menopause
- Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
History and Traditional Use
Black cohosh root was used by Native Americans for conditions such
as rheumatism, sore throat, and menstrual difficulties. Herbalists
recommend it as an astringent, diuretic, antidiarrheal, cough suppressant,
and for other uses.1 In Europe, black cohosh root is
prescribed for premenstrual syndrome and to alleviate menopausal
symptoms.2 Chemical Composition
The active constituents in black cohosh root are a group of compounds
known as triterpene glycosides, of which 16 have been isolated
and identified.3 Black cohosh root extracts are commonly
standardized to contain 5 percent triterpene glycosides.
PMS/Menopause
Germany's Commission E has approved black cohosh root for treatment
of premenstrual discomfort, painful menstruation, and menopausal
symptoms.2 Although there is little scientific data
to substantiate the efficacy of black cohosh for PMS or painful
menstruations, research suggests that the herb may be effective
for menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, profuse sweating,
sleep disruption, and depressive moods.4-6
Dosage/Toxicity
For menopausal symptoms, a common recommendation is 1 to 2 grams
per day of powdered dried root,7 or extracts providing
the equivalent. Black cohosh has no known toxicity and is generally
well tolerated at this dosage range, although a small percentage
of users may experience gastric discomfort. Intake of very high
dosages (5 grams) can cause vomiting, headache, dizziness, limb
pains, and lowered blood pressure.8 |
